Human Resource Management in Policing Fraud

Authors

  • Dirin Dirin Bagjiansis Rojianstra SSDM Polri
  • Yuyun Arief Kus Handriatmo Bagjiansis Rojianstra SSDM Polri
  • Dicky Irawan Kesuma Bagjiansis Rojianstra SSDM Polri
  • Nugroho Ari Setyawan Bagjiansis Rojianstra SSDM Polri

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21532/apfjournal.v8i2.299

Keywords:

Indonesian National Police, Human Resource Management, Policing Fraud

Abstract

This paper draws on the roles of Human Resource Management (HRM) in policing fraud by the Indonesian National Police (INP). The method of this study is a literature review and document analysis.  This research finds that HRM has a role in policing fraud through 1) recruitment, 2) education, 2) use/development, 3) maintenance and 4) termination from the office. HRM is potentially essential for improving police professionalism. Further, the HRM success application may cause the success of bureaucracy and governance reform for corruption prevention in the INP. Moreover, operational policing fraud can be improved by reliable HRM practices. Next, this paper suggests a further empirical study to explore HRM in policing and its role in policing fraud.

References

Alach, Z. and Crous, C. (2012). A tough nut to crack: Performance measurement in specialist policing. Canberra: The Australian Institute of Criminology.

Association of Certified Fraud Examiners Indonesia Chapter #111. 2021. ACFE- Indonesia Chapter. [Online]. [Accessed 29 August 2022]. Available from: https://acfe-indonesia.or.id/.

Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. 2014. Fraud Examiners Manual: 2014 International Edition. Austin: ACFE.

Badan Kepegawaian Negara. 2021. [Online]. [Accessed 3 September 2022]. Available from: https://www.bkn.go.id/profil/visi-dan-misi-bkn/.

Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan Republik Indonesia. 2022. Responsibilities of Board Members. [Online]. [Accessed 29 August 2022]. Available from: https://www.bpk.go.id/menu/areas_responsibilities.

Badan Pengawasan Keuangan Pembangunan. 2020. A Brief History of BPKP. [Online]. [Accessed 29 August 2022]. Available from: https://www.bpkp.go.id/konten/438/A-Brief-History-of-BPKP.bpkp.

Baek, H. 2019. Perceived Appropriateness of Training and Organizational Commitment Among Korean Police. International Criminal Justice Review. XX(X), pp. 1-19 .

Bappenas. 2021. Vision, Mission, Purpose and Strategic Plan. [Online]. [Accessed 30 August 2022]. Available from: https://www.bappenas.go.id/visi-misi.

Barker, A. and Crawford, A. 2013. Policing Urban Insecurities Through Visible Patrols: Managing Public Expectations in Times of Fiscal Restraint. In: Lippert, R.K. and Walby, K. eds. Policing Cities: Urban securitization and regulation in a twenty-first century world. Oxon: Routledge, pp.11-28.

Boselie, P., Van Harten, J. and Veld, M. 2021. A Human Resource Management Review on Public Management and Public Administration Research: Stop Right There...Before We Go Any Further...Public Management Review. 23 (4), pp.483-500.

Bowen, G. A. 2009. Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal. 9 (2), pp.27-40.

Brooks, G. and Button, M. 2011. The Police and Fraud Investigation and the Case for Nationalised Solution in the United Kingdom. The Police Journal. 84 ([no number]), pp. 305-319.

Brooks, G., Aleem, A., and Button, M. 2013. Fraud, Corruption and Sport. London: Palgrave MacMillan.

Brown, W.C. 1994. Managerial Perspectives in the Development of a Physical Fitness Program. In: Zahm, D.L., Stiff, C. and Finn, M.G. eds. Human Resources in Criminal Justice. Florida: Florida Criminal Justice Institute, pp.60-72.

Bullock, K. 2020. Research Synthesis, Systematic Reviewing and Evidence-Based Policing. In: Fielding, N., Bullock, K. and Holdaway, S. eds. Critical Reflections on Evidence-Based Policing. Oxon: Routledge, pp.55-73.

Bullock, K., Sidebottom, A., Armitage, R., Ashby, M.P.J., Clemmow, C., Kirby, S., Laycock, G. and Tilley, N. 2022. Police Perceptions of Problem-Oriented Policing and Evidence-Based Policing: Evidence from England and Wales. Police Practice and Research. 23 (6), pp.775-791.

Button, M. 2002. Private Policing. Devon: Willan Publishing.

Button, M. 2007. Security Officers and Policing Powers, Culture and Control in the Governance of Private Space. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Button, M. 2008. Doing Security: Critical Reflections and an Agenda for Change. Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.

Button, M. and Cross, C. 2017. Cyber Frauds, Scams and their Victims. Oxon: Routledge.

Button, M. and Gee, J. 2013. Countering Fraud for Competitive Advantage: The Professional Approach to Reducing the Last Great Hidden Cost. West Sussex: John Willey & Sons Ltd.

Button, M., Frimpong, K., Smith, G., and Johnston, L. 2007a. Professionalizing Counter Fraud Specialists in the UK: Assessing Progress and Recommendations for Reform. Crime Prevention and Community Safety. 9 ([no number]), pp.92-101.

Button, M., Gee, J., and Brooks, G. 2012. Measuring the Cost of Fraud: an Opportunity for the New Competitive Advantage. Journal of Financial Crime. 19 (1), pp.65-75.

Button, M., Johnston, L., Frimpong, K., and Smith, G. 2007b. New Directions in Policing Fraud: The Emergence of the Counter Fraud Specialist in the United Kingdom. International Journal of the Sociology of Law. 35 (no number), pp.192-208.

Button, M., Lewis, C. and Tapley, J. 2014b. Not a Victimless Crime: The Impact of Fraud on Individual Victims and Their Families. Security Journal. 27 (1), pp. 36-54 .

Button, M., Lewis, C., and Tapley, J. (no year a). Fraud Typologies and Victims of Fraud: Literature review. (No place): National Fraud Authority.

Button, M., Lewis, C., and Tapley, J. (no year b). A Better Deal for fraud Victims: Research into victims’ needs and experiences. (No place): National Fraud Authority.

Button, M., Nicholls, C.M., Kerr, J. and Owen, R. 2014a. Online Frauds: Learning from Victims Why They Fall for These Scams. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 0 (0), p. 1-18.

Centre for Integrity in the Defence Sector. 2021. Human Resource Management in the Kosovo Police: A Gap Analysis. [No place]: Centre for Integrity in the Defence Sector.

Charette, B. 1994. Early Identification of Police Brutality and Misconduct: The Metro-Dade Police Department Model. In: Zahm, D.L., Stiff, C. and Finn, M.G. eds. Human Resources in Criminal Justice. Florida: Florida Criminal Justice Institute, pp.53-59.

Chua, Y.T. and Collier, B. 2019. Fighting the “blackheart airportsâ€: internal policing in the Chinese censorship circumvention ecosystem. 2019 APWG Symposium on Electronic Crime Research (eCrime), pp.1-9.

Cipriano, R. 1994. Executives Can Take Action to Reduce the Number of Officers Murdered in the Line of Duty. In: Zahm, D.L., Stiff, C. and Finn, M.G. eds. Human Resources in Criminal Justice. Florida: Florida Criminal Justice Institute, pp. 73-82.

Clarke, R.V. 1980. “Situational†Crime Prevention: Theory and Practice. British Journal of Criminology. 20 (2), pp.136-147.

Clarke, R.V. and Eck, J. 2003. Become a Problem-Solving Crime Analyst: In 55 small steps. London: Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science University College London.

Collins, S.C. 2004. Sexual harassment and police discipline: Who’s policing the police? Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management. 27 (4), pp.512-538.

Cornish, D.B. and Clarke, R.V. 2003. Opportunities, Precipitators and Criminal Decisions: A Reply to Wortley’s Critique of Situational Crime Prevention. Crime Prevention Studies. 16 ([no number]), pp.41-96.

Crawford, A. 2014. The police, policing and the future of the extended policing family. In: Brown, J.M. ed. The Future of Policing. Oxon: Routledge, pp.173-190.

Curtis, I. 2015. The use of targets in policing. [no place]: [no publisher].

Davies, C. and Dunbar, N. 2015. Internal Policing of the Enduring Issue of Racism in Professional Team Sports. The University of Notre Dame Australia Law Review. 17 (3), pp. 59-76.

Davis, C. 2017. Police Leadership: An Exploratory Study of the Perceptions of Police Officers. PhD Thesis, Nottingham Trent University

Davis, C. 2018. Rank Matters: police leadership and the authority of rank. Policing and Society. 30 (4), pp. 446-461.

Davis, C. and Bailey, D. 2018. Police leadership: the challenges for developing contemporary practice. International Journal of Emergency Services. 7 (1), pp. 13-23.

Davis, L.A. 1994. The Future of Minority Law Enforcement Executives in the State of Florida. In: Zahm, D.L., Stiff, C. and Finn, M.G. eds. Human Resources in Criminal Justice. Florida: Florida Criminal Justice Institute, pp.12-24.

Davis, R.C. 2012. Selected International Best Practices in Police Performance Measurement. [no place]: Rand Center on Quality Policing.

De Gama, N., McKenna, S. and Peticca-Harris. 2012. Ethics and HRM: Theoretical and Conceptual Analysis, An Alternative Approach to Ethical HRM Through the Discourse and Lived Experiences of HR Professionals. J bus Ethics. 111 (no number), pp.97-108.

Dean, G. 1995. Police Reform: Rethinking Operational Policing. Journal of Criminal Justice. 23 (4), pp.337-347.

Den Heyer, G. 2017. Peter Marshall Commissioner New Zealand Police Interviewed by Garth Den Heyer. In: Baker, B.F. and Das, D. K. eds. Trends in Policing: Interviews with Police Leaders Across the Globe. Boca Raton: CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 89-103.

Dirgantara, A. 2022. Exploring the ‘Free-Corruption Zone’ Award using the Theory of Change among the Indonesian National Police: A Case Study of Gowa Resort Police. Asia Pacific Fraud Journal. 6 (2), pp. 301-319.

Dong, M., Mahfudnurnajamuddin., S. B., and Latief, B. 2019. Contributions of Human Resources Development, Leadership Style, Organizational Commitment, and Work Motivation on Good Governance and Police Officer Performance (Study of Police Officer in South Sulawesi Regional Police). European Journal of Business and Management Research. 4 (6), pp. 1-10.

Eck, J.E. and Madensen, T.D. 2015. Meaningfully and Artfully Reinterpreting Crime for Useful Science: An Essay on the Value of Building with

Simple Theory. In: Andersen, M.A. and Farrell, G. eds. The Criminal Act the Role and Influence of Routine Activity Theory. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 5-18.

Evans, P., Biddle, K. and Morris, J. 1999. Evaluation of the Indonesia National Police Management Training Project 1983-96. [no place]: Department for International Development (DFID).

Farrell, G. 1995. Preventing Repeat Victimization. Crime and Justice. 19 ([no number]), pp.469-534.

Farrell, G. and Birks, D. 2018. Did cybercrime cause the crime drop? Crime Science. 7 (8), pp. 1-4.

Fielding, N.G. 2002. Theorizing Community Policing. The British Journal of Criminology. 42 (1), pp.147-163.

Fielding, N.G. 2018. Professionalizing the Police: The Unfulfilled Promise of Police Training. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fleming, J. 2020. Changing the Narrative: Harnessing culture as evidence. In: Fielding, N., Bullock, K. and Holdaway, S. eds. Critical Reflections on Evidence-Based Policing. Oxon: Routledge, pp.203-231.

Gabor, T. 1992. Rotation: Is it organizationally sound? FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. 61 (4), pp.16-19.

Gabor, T. 2003. Assessing the Effectiveness of Organized Crime Control Strategies: A review of the Literature. Ottawa: Research and Statistic Division Department of Justice Canada.

Garanov, Z. 2019. Human Resource Management in the Police System. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management. VII (2), pp. 188-197.

Goldsmith, M. and King, C.W. 1997. Policing Corporate Crime: the Dilemma of Internal Compliance Programs. Vanderbilt Law Review. 50 (1), pp. 1-47.

Goldstein, H. 1979. Improving Policing: A Problem-Oriented Approach. Crime and Delinquency. 25 (2), pp.236-258.

Graycar, A. and Sidebottom, A. 2012. Corruption and control : a corruption reduction approach. Journal of Financial Crime. 19 (4), pp.384-399.

Harriss, J.J. 1994. Picking and Keeping Law Enforcement and Correction Officers in Florida. In: Zahm, D.L., Stiff, C. and Finn, M.G. eds. Human Resources in Criminal Justice. Florida: Florida Criminal Justice Institute, pp. 1-11.

Herrington, V. and Colvin, A. 2015. Police Leadership for Complex Times. Policing. 10 (1), pp. 7-16.

Hunt, J.L. 2005. Human Resources Management: An Exploration of Strategic Human Resources Management in Michigan Police Organizations. Master Theses, Grand Valley State University.

Hur, Y. 2007. Organizational Performance, Turnover, And Human Resource Management: Focusing on Municipal Police Services. Doctoral Dissertations, University of Kentucky.

Husnurofik, Z., Nurmahmudah, F. and Usman, H. 2019. A Systematic Review on Sustainable Human Resource Management: A Framework for Managing Training in The Indonesian Police Force. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. 317 (no number), pp.160-164.

Jones, T. and Newburn, T. 2006. Understanding Plural Policing. in: Jones, T. and Newburn, T. eds. Plural Policing: A comparative perspective. Oxon: Routledge, pp.1-11.

Kantor Staf Presiden. 2022. Tentang Kantor Staf Presiden. [Online]. [Accessed 31 August 2022]. Available from: https://ksp.go.id/tentang-kantor-staf-presiden.html#nilai.

Kementerian Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi. 2022. Struktur Organisasi. [Online]. [Accessed 30 August 2022]. Available from: https://www.menpan.go.id/site/tentang-kami/tentang-kami/struktur-organisasi.

Kennedy, D.M. 1993. The Strategic Management of Police Resources. Perspectives on Policing. 14 (no number), pp. 1-9.

Kiedrowski, J., Petrunik, M., MacDonald, T., and Melchers, R. 2013. Canadian Police Board Views on the Use of Police Performance Metrics. [No place]: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada.

Kies, M.F. 2011. Policing the Police: Freedom of the Press, the Right to Privacy, and Civilian Recordings of Police Activity. George Washington Law Review. 80 (1), pp. 274-310.

Kwon, J. and Wortley, S. 2022. Policing the Police: Public Perceptions of Civilian Oversight in Canada. Race and Justice. 12 (4), pp. 644-668.

Laycock, G. 2012. Defining crime science. In: Smith, M.J. and Tilley, N. eds. Crime Science: New approaches to preventing and detecting crime. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, pp.3-24

Lee, T. 2020. How HR Can Support Law Enforcement Professionals and Their Families. [no place]: [no number]

Lentz, S.A., and Chaires, R.H. 2007. The invention of Peel’s principles: A study of policing ‘textbook’ history. Journal of Criminal Justice. 35 (1), pp.69-79.

Levi, M. 2008. Organized fraud and organizing frauds: Unpacking research on networks and organization. Criminology & Criminal Justice. 8 (4), pp.389-419.

Levi, M. and Burrows, J. 2008. Measuring the Impact of Fraud in the UK: A Conceptual and Empirical Journey. British Journal of Criminology. 48 (no number), pp.293-318.

Mawby, R.I. 2008. Models of policing. In Newburn, T. ed. Handbook of Policing. 2nd ed. Devon: Willan Publishing, pp.17-46.

Mintzberg, H. 1979. The Structuring of Organizations. (No city): Prentice-Hall.

Mintzberg, H. 2009. Managing. California: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.

Moore, M.H. 1993. The Strategic Management of Policing. [No Place]: [No Publisher].

Morrell, K. and Rowe, M. 2020. Democracy, accountability and evidence-based policing: Who calls the shots? In: Fielding, N., Bullock, K. and Holdaway, S. eds. Critical Reflections on Evidence-Based Policing. Oxon: Routledge, pp.149-174.

Newburn, T. 2008. Introduction: understanding policing. In Newburn, T. ed. Handbook of Policing. 2nd ed. Devon: Willan Publishing, pp.1-12.

Noe, R., Hollenbeck, J. Gerhart, B. and Wright, P. 2020. Human Resource Management Gaining a Competitive Advantage 12e. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Owoeye, I. 2015. Human Resource Management Interventions and Performance of Police Force In Ondo State, Nigeria. PhD Dissertation, Kenyatta University.

Packer, H. L. 1968. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. Stanford: Standford University Press.

Parrat, S.D. 1938. Scale to Measure Effectiveness of Police Functioning. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 28 (5), pp. 739-756.

Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Penugasan Anggota Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia di Luar Struktur Organisasi Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2017. SI 2017/4. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Pengadaan Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2013. SI 2013/4. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Penerimaan Calon Anggota Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2016. SI 2016/10. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3 tahun 2016 tentang Administrasi Kepangkatan Anggota Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2017. SI 2017/5. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Seleksi Pendidikan Pengembangan bagi Pegawai Negeri pada Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia2019. SI 2019/4. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Sistem Pembinaan Karier Anggota Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2016. SI 2016/9. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Sistem, Manajemen, dan Standar Keberhasilan Pembinaan Sumber Daya Manusia Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia yang Berkeunggulan 2020. SI 2020/99. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Sistem Pendidikan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2015. SI 2015/14. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Susunan Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Satuan Organisasi pada Tingkat Markas Besar Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2017. SI 2017/6. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia Rekrutmen Proaktif Calon Anggota Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2019. SI 2019/10. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Administrasi Kepangkatan Anggota Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2016. SI 2016/3. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Administrasi Pengakhiran Dinas bagi Pegawai Negeri pada Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2019. SI 2019/1. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Mutasi Anggota Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2012. SI 2012/16. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Pedoman Induk Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia. SI 2006/29. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Pembinaan Karier Pejabat Fungsional Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2022. SI 2022/3. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 3 tahun 2016 tentang Administrasi Kepangkatan Anggota Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2018. SI 2018/11. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi Republik Indonesia tentang Road Map Reformasi Birokrasi 2020. SI 2020/25. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi Republik Indonesia tentang Pembangunan dan Evaluasi Zona Integritas Menuju Wilayah Bebas dari Korupsi dan Wilayah Birokrasi Bersih dan Melayani di Instansi Pemerintah 2021. SI 2021/90. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi Republik Indonesia tentang Pedoman Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Reformasi Birokrasi 2020. SI 2020/26. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi Republik Indonesia tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kementerian Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi 2021. SI 2021/60. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia tentang Jabatan Fungsional Anggota Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2017. SI 2017/42. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Presiden Nomor 52 tahun 2010 tentang Susunan Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2017. SI 2017/5. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional 2020-2024 2020. SI 2020/18. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia tentang Strategi Nasional Pencegahan Korupsi 2018. SI 2018/54. Jakarta: Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia.

Penzler, T. 2009. Police Corruption: Preventing Misconduct and Maintaining Integrity. Boca Raton: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group.

Prabowo, L.S. 2021. Transformasi Menuju Polri yang PRESISI: Prediktif, Responsibilitas, Transparansi Berkeadilan. [tanpa tempat]: [tanpa penerbit].

Public Safety Canada. (no year). Police Performance Metrics. [no place]: Public Safety Canada.

Ratcliffe, J. 2009. The Structure of Strategic Thinking. In: Ratcliffe, J. ed. Strategic Thinking in Criminal Intelligence. 2nd ed. Leichhardt: The Federation Press, pp.1-12.

Ridha, C. and Wijaya, C. 2020. Analisis Strategi Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia dalam Fenomena Bottle-Neck Pamen Polri. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Negara. 16 (1), pp. 24-35.

Robinson, G.V. 1994. Sexual Harassment in Florida Law Enforcement: Panacea or Pandora’s Box? In: Zahm, D.L., Stiff, C. and Finn, M.G. eds. Human Resources in Criminal Justice. Florida: Florida Criminal Justice Institute, pp.40-52.

Scott, M.S. 2017. Reconciling Problem-Oriented Policing and Evidence-Based Policing. In: Knutsson, J. and Thomson, L. eds. Advances in Evidence-Based Policing, pp.27-44.

Seneviratne, M. 2004. Policing the police in the United Kingdom. Policing & Society. 14 (4), pp.329-347.

Setyawan, N.A. 2018. Using Viable System Model to Analyse Indonesia’s Anti-Corruption Strategy. Asia Pasific Fraud Journal. 3 (1), pp.11-19.

Setyawan, N.A. 2020. Indonesian National Police’s Anti-Corruption Function and Economic Development. Asia Pacific Fraud Journal. 5 (2), pp.201-211.

Setyawan, N.A. 2021. Policing Organised Crime: A Review and the Identification of Potential Lessons for Indonesia. Master Dissertation, University of Leeds.

Setyawan, N.A. 2022. Laporan Pelaksanaan Tugas Belajar Luar Negeri MSC Criminal Justice and Criminology School of Law University of Leeds, United Kingdom, 2021/2022. [tanpa tempat]: [tanpa penerbit].

Sheptycki, J. 2017. The Police Intelligence Division-of-Labour. Policing & Society. 27 (6), pp. 620-635.

Sherman, L.W., Gottfredson, D.C., MacKenzie, D.L., Eck., J., Reuter, P. and Bushway, S.D. 1998. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising. National Institute of Justice, pp.1-19.

Singh, D. 2015. Human Resource Management in Police: A Study of Haryana Police Academy, Madhuban. International Research Journal of Management Sociology & Humanity. 6 (9), pp. 177-196.

Sklansky, D.A. 2011. The Persistent Pull of Police Professionalism. New Perspectives in Policing, pp. 1-19.

Slaughter, R.M. 1997. Generalist vs Specialist Concept of Police Department Structure. Texas: The Bill Blackwood Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas.

Sumirat, J.R. 2020. Policing on Preventing Cyber Fraud in Indonesia. Master Dissertation, University of York.

Tilley, N. 1995. Thinking about Crime Prevention Performance Indicators. London: Home Office Police Research Group.

Tiwana, N., Bass, G. and Farrell, G. 2015. Police Performance Measurement: an Annotated Bibliography. Crime Science. 4 (1), pp.1-28.

Tunley, M., Whittaker, A., Gee, J. and Button, M. 2015. The Accredited Counter Fraud Specialist Handbook. West Sussex: John Willey & Sons Ltd.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara 2014. (c. 5). Jakarta: Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia tentang Hukum Acara Pidana 1981. (c. 8). Jakarta: Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik 2008. (c. 11). Jakarta: Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 2002. (c. 2). Jakarta: Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia tentang Ketentuan Umum dan Tata Cara Perpajakan 1983. (c. 6). Jakarta: Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia tentang Pasar Modal 1995. (c. 8). Jakarta: Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi 1999. (c. 31). Jakarta: Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia tentang Peraturan Hukum Pidana 1946. (c. 1). Jakarta: Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara 2009. (c. 4). Jakarta: Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi 2001. (c. 20). Jakarta: Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia.

United Nations. 2011. The United Nations Rule of Law Indicators: Implementation Guide and Project Tools. [no place]: United Nations.

Van der Westhuizen, E.J. 2006. Strategic Human Resource Management in the Public Service. Journal of Public Administration. 41 (2.1), pp. 241-257.

Vollard, B.A. 2006. Police Effectiveness Measurement and Incentives. PhD Dissertation, Pardee Rand Graduate School.

Walker, S. 1976. Police Professionalism: Another Look at the Issues. The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare. 3 (6), pp. 701-711.

Downloads

Published

2023-12-12

How to Cite

Dirin, D., Handriatmo, Y. A. K., Kesuma, D. I., & Setyawan, N. A. (2023). Human Resource Management in Policing Fraud. Asia Pacific Fraud Journal, 8(2), 249–268. https://doi.org/10.21532/apfjournal.v8i2.299